Epson FX-100 Manuel d'utilisateur

9Margins and Tabs...113Margins...113Left margin...113Margin

The 17 backspaces (line 40) are printed in Compressed Mode. Thedifference in character widths makes the second printing of the wordBACKSPACES be offse

Figure 6-1. Bidirectional lineLook carefully at your printout or at the version we show as Figure6-1. See how the line seems to quiver? Now turn on Un

line feed, which means that the subsequent movement of the printhead will be from the left margin to the right. To see this in action,delete line 10 a

that are used in different countries. These international characters canbe accessed with:LPRINT CHR$(27)"R"CHR$(n);where n is a number from

Table 6-2. International characters in Roman typefaceUSAFRANCEGERMANYU.K.DENMARKSWEDENITALYSPAINJAPANThis program provides an easy reference to the in

When could you use this program? Well, you can print . . .and if you want to use one of the foreign sets all the time, you canchange your printer’s de

either of these capabilites on and off, as a mode, with an ESCapesequence.Half-Speed ModeThe FX can print at the fine rate of 160 characters per secon

and print the contents of the buffer, press RETURN alone. Now addthis line:10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"i1"And RUN the program. Your FX-80 responds to

CHR$(27)“s1”CHR$(27)“s0”CHR$(27)“i1”CHR$(27)“i0”Turns Half-Speed ON; If your system can’tsend lowercase letters, use CHR$(115)CHR$(1)Turns Half-Speed

92

12Design Your Own Graphics...159Planning Process...159STRATA Program...160Three

Chapter 7Line Spacing and Line FeedsUp to this point in the manual, we have not discussed the way theprinter moves a page so that it doesn’t print lin

Figure 7-1. Default line spacingTo see 12-dot spacing, reset the printer (to clear any previousmodes), and enter:NEW20 FOR X=0 to 430 LPRINT TAB(6*X)&

Your first STEPS print in 12-dot spacing. Now tighten up the linespacing by adding lines 10 and 50:10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"0"50 LPRINT CHR$(27)&q

To show what varying n can mean, the following program increasesthe line spacing by one dot’s worth on each line feed:20 FOR X=0 TO 2430 LPRINT TAB(X)

The ESCape”A”CHR$(n) command sets the line spacing to n/72-)inch if the n is any number from 0 through 85. If n is between 85 and128, the line spacing

Microscopic line spacingThere is also a way to space at smaller intervals than 72nds. Using aCHR$(27)“3” will set the spacing to increments of 216th o

One-time, immediate line feedThe FX has a special line feed that executes a new size of line feedonce, then reverts back to the size of the previous l

Figure 7-3. Staggering STAIR STEPS100

print the two lines of text and then move the print head up the page toprint the line of hyphens above the first line.10 LPRINT "REVERSE FEED&quo

Table 7-1. Line-spacing commandsLinespacingCommand7/72"CHR$(27)“1”9/72'CHR$(27)“0”(1/8”)12/72" CHR$(27)"2"(l/6”) (d

16Combining User-Defined Characters...215Large Letters: Double Wide...215Large Letters: Double High...

Chapter 8Forms ControlThe FX has several features that make it easy for you to print on anysize of page and to determine where on the page the printin

first tell the printer where the top of form is. In most cases you’ll wantthe printer to use the first line below the paper perforation as the top-of-

CHR$(12) sends the paper to the top of the next form. It gives thesame result as the FF button so long as you end the line with a semi-colon to preven

Figure 8-2. Two-inch form feedCheck it by changing your program lines as shown below and RUN-ning the program again; see if your printout matches Figu

Why does the printer give you two options? In some cases, settingthe form length by inches is more convenient. If you know how manyinches long the for

For standard 11-inch forms, just position the paper correctly beforeturning on the printer; for other form lengths, use the CHR$(27)“C”command.It’s ti

When you use the skip-over-perforation command, you may wantto change your top of form. No matter what number you use as askip-over-perforation settin

If you use single-sheet paper on your FX printer and run to the endof the form, the paper-out sensor prevents the printer from acciden-tally printing

off, either by changing DIP switches or by sending the printer ASCIIcodes as summarized below.Switch 2-2When on; activates the beeper; when off,deacti

112

List of FiguresEasy-1FX ticket program...8Easy-2Ticket to success...101-1The FX-80 and FX-100 printers.

Chapter 9Margins and TabsAt power-up, your FX contains specific default settings for marginsand for horizontal and vertical tabs. You can make changes

Try out the left margin command with:NEW10 LPRINT "LEFT MARGIN"253 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"CHR$(10)30 LPRINT "LEFT MARGIN SET AT 10

Figure 9-2. Listing at new marginand then switch to Compressed, the left margin stays the same dis-tance from the edge of the paper. To see an example

The text prints in Compressed Mode, but the left margin is still set at10 Pica spaces.Right marginThe general format for the right margin is:CHR$(27)&

Figure 9-4 shows the new listing, which did not print out at the posi-tion you specified. What happened? Well, the CHR$(18) turned offCompressed Mode,

Both marginsNotice that the left and right margin commands use different num-bering systems. In Pica Mode the left margin command counts from 0to 79 w

Horizontal tab usageThe FX has the ability to tab horizontally, and it has default tabs setin the current pitch at columns 8, 16, 24, 32, . . . every

Note that many BASICS handle numbers differently from strings.This difference is most evident when you are printing columns thatcontain mixtures of nu

Variable horizontal tabsYou can change the default horizontal tab settings by specifyingnew tab stops. To do this, use the format:CHR$(27)"D"

For the FX-100 this is:135 in Pica, 162 in Elite, and 232 in Compressed.Don’t forget that resetting the margins automatically returns thetabs to their

5-1Master Select Program...745-2Master Select choices...755-3Dress-up combinations...776-1Bi

the default vertical tabs, which are set for every other line, or you canset tabs in one of two ways, in a single set or, for forms, in up to 8 sets,c

Figure 9-10. Ordinary vertical tabsOnce you have tabbed to a stop, you can print more than one lineof text at that position. See this by changing line

Figure 9-11. Text at tab stopJust as for horizontal tabs, vertical tab settings are absolute: they donot change when you change the size of a space. F

uses the Reset Code to return the FX to 12-dot spacing. RUNning thisprogram produces a printout to match Figure 9-12.Figure 9-12. Absolute vertical ta

You can store up to eight channels of tab stops, numbered from 0 to7. You use a format that is similar to the one for a single set:CHR$(27)"b&quo

TOF OF PAGETOP OF PAGETOP OF PAGETAB #1 FOR CHANNEL 1TAB #1 FOR CHANNEL 2TAB #2 FOR CHANNEL 2TAB #1 FOR CHANNEL 3TAB #2 FOR CHANNEL 1TAB #2FOR CHANNEL

CHR$(27)“1”CHR$(n)Sets the left margin to n. (If you can’t use low-ercase letters, use CHR$(108) in place of “1”.)Limits are 0 - 78 in Pica, 0 - 93 in

130

Chapter 10Introduction to Dot GraphicsWelcome to the world of Epson graphics. To get you off to a solidstart, we use this chapter to discuss all the f

A final multiplication:480 main columnsX792 rowsgives you a grand total of 380,160 dot positions per FX-80 page. Andthat doesn’t even take into accoun

12-1STRATA layout...16112-2STRATA logo...16212-3STRATA program...16312-4Corn

Figure 10-1. Pins numbered sequentiallyEach time the print head makes a horizontal pass, it prints a patternof dots. To print figures taller than 7 or

Each pass of the print head contains one piece of the total pattern,which can be as tall or short as you desire. You don’t have to use thewhole page o

Often a figure needs more than half a line. To reserve more than 255columns for graphics, the second number (n,) must be greater than 0.But n2 does

Since computers use the binary numbering system (OS and 1s only),it is most efficient for each pin to correspond to the decimal equivalentof one bit i

Print headDecimal sumof the desiredpin patternFigure 10-4. Pin combinationsNow that you, know the labels for the pins, how would you fire the toppin?

In the programs that follow (except the first), we shorten the processof specifying pins by using the fact that their labels represent powersof two. (

Line 40 completes the loop.Line 50 doesn’t print anything-it just forces a carriage return at theend of the print line, overriding the semicolon of li

110 LPRINT CHR$(2^N);120 NEXT X: RETURNOn the first pass of the loop (line SO), N equals X and the exponentsincrease in order from 0 to 6. The second

See what a big difference the line spacing makes? All of themultiple-line graphics programs in this manual use this line spacing.Diamond patternIn thi

SummaryYou enter GraphicsMode with the CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)command. You determine the number of graphicscolumns by filling the two reservation

17-117-217-317-4Barchart...Program for BARCHART...Statement form...Program for

Chapter 11Varieties of Graphics DensityWe introduced you to FX graphics by having you use Single-Density Graphics Mode and a single pin per column. In

Graphics and the Reset CodeYou may have wondered about the semicolon we had you placeafter the B$ in line 40. If this line were text rather than graph

for form feed-CHR$(12)--to the printer, the computer system inter-cepts it and sends instead a series of line feeds-CHRS(10). It does thiswhether the

SINGLE-DENSITY GRAPHICSThe printer fires pins 1, 3, 5, and 7 (with the respective exponentialvalues of 1, 4, 16, and 64) in the first column and pins

PatternPrints as(Overlapping dots)In double-density modeat High SpeedFigure 11-1. High-Speed Double-Density dotsTo check this out, change the pin patt

Low-Speed Double-Density Graphics ModeAh, but the FX has a special print mode to take care of this veryproblem. It’s called the Low-Speed Double-Densi

Quadruple-Density Graphics ModeThe FX also gives you the ability to print dots four times as denselyas in Single-Density. Change the 1 line 20 to a 3

MODE # 0MODE # 1MODE # 2MODE # 3MODE # 4MODE # 5MODE # 6Figure 11-4. Seven density modesFigure 11-4 displays all seven of the FX modes that affect gra

Table 11-1. Graphics ModesMode Density0Single1Low-SpeedDoubleHigh-SpeedDouble2AlternatecodeDescriptionCHR$(27)“K” 60 dots per inch;480 dots per 8” li

You should get another printout of Figure 11-4.A second time you can make good use of the reassigning codeoccurs when you want to change a program in

List of Tables1-1 DIP switch functions ...232-1Several computers’ print LIST commands ...382-2Several compute

Figure 11-5. Nine-pin usage(Use CHR$(94) if you can’t generate the caret symbol (^) from yoursystem.) The d determines the density of the graphics: d

Firing 9 pins with 8 data lines is just a shade more difficult than firing7 or 8 pins. It takes 2 bytes to define each 9-dot pin pattern: the firstbyt

50 READ N90 DATA 3,7,31,63,126,124,112,96,92,66,33,25,5,3Line 50 reads the first data number into the variable N. To read therest of the numbers, line

like this one, you can just get the program to reread one set of data byusing a RESTORE statement. To see this, change two lines and thenRUN the progr

80 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END90 DATA 8,28,62,93,-6,28,93,62,28,8100 READ R: FOR J=1 TO -N110 LPRINT CHR$(R);: NEXT J120 X=X-N-1: GOT0 70RUN it

CHR$(27)“L”CHR!$(n1)CHRS(n2)Enters Low-Speed Double-Density GraphicsMode and specifies the width setting. Width= n1+(256*n2), where n1 is 0 - 255 and

Chapter 12Design Your Own GraphicsIn this chapter we take you through the development of twographics programs, from design to implementation. The two

2. Translate the dots into their appropriate pin numbers, seven oreight rows (depending on your computer system’s capability) ata time.3. Figure out t

Figure 12-1. STRATA layoutIn most cases the program reads a number greater than or equal tozero and sends it to the printer (line 620). Control then r

There’s only one thing left to do before you can print the first line-enter a Graphics Mode:600 LPRINT CHR$(27)"L"CHR$(60)CHR$(0);Now RUN th

IntroductionFX FeaturesEpson’s MX series of printers attracted enough attention to becomethe most popular line of printers in the industry. Our FX pr

l00 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"590FOR K=1 TO 6600 LPRINT CHR$(27)"L"CHR$(60)CHR$(0);610READ N: IF N=128 THEN 650620 IF N>=0 THEN LPRINT

Figure 72-4. Corner of the FX-80 design164

A very few pin patterns are needed for this program. In fact, each“pattern” consists of only one pin, making the numbers easyto calculate:1for the low

170 FOR Y=1 TO 819: LPRINT CHR$(l);: NEXT Y180 LPRINT: NEXT X: RETURNNow RUN the first trial:Line 20 stores the graphics entry string in G$. This prod

If L is read as zero, line 70 causes the program to ignore line 80. Thisenables the printer to print the center portion of the X, where thediagonal fa

290 DATA 3,3,25,3,0,3,25,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1300 DATA 3,3,24,3,2,3,24,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1310 DATA 3,3,23,3,4,3,23,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1320 DATA 3,3,22

100LPRINT CHR$(1)CHR$(2)CHR$(4)CHR$(8)CHR$(16)CHR$(32)CHR$(64);110 FOR X=1 TO H: LPRINT CHR$(64);: NEXT X120LPRINT CHR$(64)CHR$(32)CHR$(16)CRR$(8)CHR$

7 WIDTH LPRINT 25510 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"20 G$=CHR$(27)+"L"+CHR$(l2l)+CHR$(3): GOSUB 16030 FOR D=1 TO 17.: PRINT "ROW40 LPRINT

These changes fill in the diagonals as illustrated in Figure 12-9:100 LPRINT CHR$(1)CHR$(3)CHR$(7)CHR$(15)CHR$(31)CHR$(63)CHR$(127);120 LPRINT CHR$(1

Figure 12-10. Most distinct versionFigure 12-11. Reversed version172

l Program debugging mode (hexadecimal dump of codes receivedfrom the computer)l Fast print speed-160 characters per second-for rapid processingof docu

Chapter 13Plotter GraphicsAs you work with dot graphics, you may run into printer limita-tions because dot-matrix printers are designed primarily for

Figure 13-1. Computer memory as sketch padholes or cells arranged in rows and columns, as Post Office boxes are.Each cell of the array corresponds to

Figure 13-3. Ones and zeros become dots and blanksWhy all this fuss and stew about arrays? We want to show you thatthe FX can simulate a plotter. And

DIMension and arraysMost BASICS allow you to use up to 10 rows and 10 columns in anarray without any special preparation of the computer’s memory.Sinc

Figure 13-5. Plotting a circleCircle PlottingYou can have your program examine the cells of an array in anyorder; the following program scans them row

The final step to plotting a circle in an array is to close the loopsand display the contents of the array. Add these three lines to yourprogram:50 LP

The next line loads the beginning (B), ending (E), and step (S) valuesfor the loop that will read and print the array.100 B=1: E=N-6: S=1We have you u

encounters a one, it adds the appropriate power of two to F (line 190).The exponent is the difference between the current row (R) and the lastrow in t

below picks off any potential problem codes and changes them to lessdangerous numbers.210 IF F>8 AND F<14 THEN F=F-5This line takes any number b

drastic measures. One such measure would be to let each bit of thenumbers stored in the array cells represent one graphics dot. Thiswould increase the

FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENTFOR AMERICAN USERSThis equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and usedproperly, that is, in

You can use this manual as a reference, a tutorial study guide, orsome combination of the two.lFor those of you who want to use the printer for one si

ReflectionsOnce the desired image is stored in the array you can rotate andreflect it in several different directions. It’s all done with mirrors; atl

100 IF Z=2 THEN B=1: E=N-6: S=1110 FOR P=B TO E STEP 7*S120 PRINT "LOADING ROWS";P;"TO"; P+6*S130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$

This adjustment makes it easier to compare the distance value with thevalue of the RND function (line 40, below).Once the computer knows the distance

70 LPRINT CHR$(27)"3"CHR$(20);CHR$(7);80 B=N: E=7: S=-190 FOR Z=1 TO 2100 IF Z=2 THEN B=1: E=N-6: S=1110 FOR P=B TO E STEP 7*S120 PRINT &quo

is nearly all of the available memory on many personal computers.You are, therefore, not able to print significantly larger figures of thistype with s

By changing the value of N to different multiples of seven, you cangenerate this pattern in different sizes. Just be prepared to let yourcomputer cook

Chapter 14Symmetrical Graphics PatternsIn this chapter we continue to explore the generation of graphicspatterns in memory. As in the last chapter, yo

Table 14-1. Variables for SYMMETRYVariablePurposeAArrayCCounter of array elementsDOTCounter of dots; used to calculate PH Highest number used in calcu

Line 320 in the L loop stores the ones and zeros in the array. The end ofline 330 makes X alternate between zero and one.To print out the contents of

Pin Pattern CalculationYou will use the one-line array that you just created to generate atwo-dimensional pattern. This technique results in a signifi

Think of the manual as your personal guide in your exploration ofthe FX’s many features.For a preview of what your programs can produce, take a look a

Graphics Width SettingsThe required graphics width is C, the size of the array. If, however,C is greater than 255, the value n2, in the graphics entry

10 DIM A(480):X=1: C=020 MAX=5: MIN=1: RE=4: N=030 FOR J=1 TO RE40 N=N+150GOSUB 30060IF N<MAX THEN 4070N=N-180GOSUB 30090IF N>MIN THEN 70100 N

Figure 14-4. Symmetric pattern 1That’s enough to knock your eyes right out of their sockets! And allthat from a single one-dimensional array.Variation

Figure 14-5. Symmetric pattern 2Here’s another interesting variation:20 MAX=64: MIN=1: RE=1: N=1/240 N=N*270 N=N/2Figure 14-6. Symmetric pattern 3Quit

Also notice that, because the variable RE is set to one, this patternrepeats only once.Now’s the time to experiment with some of your own changes to t

198

Chapter 15User-Defined CharactersIf you’ve studied the program examples in this manual, you arequite adept at printing both graphics and text with the

PreparationDIP switch 1-4 controls the use of the FX’s 2K RAM buffer. You canuse this RAM memory as a large text buffer to smooth printer/com-puter co

The semicolon is very important. The CHR$(27)"&" sequence expectsmore data to follow (just as Graphics Mode does). The semicolon atthe e

To be consistent with the ROM characters, we use only 7 rows. Thecharacter would normally go in the top 8 rows, but we shift all thedots down one row

Attribute byteThe attribute byte is the first of the 12 data numbers required todefine any character. At print time it controls two aspects of the way

mined by the data numbers as columns 0 to 10, then in ProportionalMode the minimum and maximum starting and stopping columns willbe 0 and 11. Why 11 i

Note that the proportional print information is used only when thecharacter is printed in Proportional Mode. Otherwise-the full range ofcolumns 0 to 1

but before you print the user-defined E, make it more visible byadding:170 LPRINT CHR$(27)"!8";190 LPRINT CHR$(27)"!@"Line 170 use

RAM area is like a big blank chalk board waiting for you to fill it up.At this point, because you have only defined an E, that’s all you getfrom RAM.D

and make these changes:130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(0)"rt";140 FOR Y=1 TO 3: LPRINT CHR$(139);160 NEXT Y180 LPRINT "rst&quo

Let’s use this command to see how the ROM control codes can print.Add:2 LPRINT CHR$(27)"6"4 FOR X=128 TO 159: LPRINT CHR$(X);: NEXT X6 LPRIN

And add:1100 DATA 0,121,0,73,0,73,0,73,0,79,0: ’My S1110 DATA 0,127,0,65,0,65,0,65,0,127,0: 'My OhSOWThe program now contains six DATA lines, but

Find 8 in the table; it is in the CHR$(93) row under the Spain heading.To print the character stored in 8, use CHR$(27)“R”CHR$(7) to acti-vate the Spa

12345678SOFTWAREIf you find yourself defining characters in small groups, the same tech-nique can be used to store part of the CHR$(27) ” &” comma

6

CHR$(27)“: “CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)CHR$(n3)Downloads ROM characters into RAM. Allthree numbers are 0CHR$(27)“6”Enables printing of codes 128 to 159 and 255CH

214

Chapter 16Combining User-Defined CharactersIn this chapter we’ll explore the technique of combining user-defined characters to make large letters and

Very nice. Using two characters side by side provides a larger matrixand therefore gives more flexibility in character design. But there isone problem

Large Letters: Double HighLet’s stack two characters, one on top of the other, with thesechanges:10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"CHR$(27)"U1"

71 = G103 = g12864321684211286432166421199=G231=gFigure 16-2. Double high and wide characterIn order to define letters in groups of four, you’ll have

Table 16-1. ASCII patternPatternExampleRoman letter = LG = 72lowercase letter = L + 32g = 72 + 32 = 110Italic letter = L + 128G = 72 + 128 = 200Italic

characters in positions 6 and 7 of string A$, for example,MID$(A$,6,2)would be coded as A$(6,7). If your system uses thisscheme, change line 140 to:14

no space after the 0 and then press RETURN. The next prompt on thescreen is:ENTER A MASTER PRINT MODE NUMBERFor now, enter a 24. Remember, all codes f

190'SPACE200DATA 32210DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0220DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0230DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0240DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0310’A320DA

Programmer’s Easy LessonBefore you start, note that we haven’t claimed that one easy lessonwill make you an FX maestro. It takes more than one lesson

positions. That includes Elite and Compressed Modes. For a compari-son of the three print pitches, RUN the program three more times andenter:MESSAGES,

Deleting line 20 ensures that the printer does not download the ROMcharacters. That makes your defined characters the only onesaround-no funny stuff o

210 ' Pattern220 DATA "00012000", "01665620"230DATA "05055050", "16634652"240DATA "45621663", &

970 DATA 8,0,8,0,127,0,0,0,0,0,0: ’ h980 DATA 8,0,8,0,127,0,8,0,8,0,8: ' i990 DATA 8,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,8: ' j1000 DATA 0,0,0,0,127,0,0,0,0,

Chapter 17Business ApplicationsIn this chapter we turn our attention to business applications. Firstwe program a sample barchart. Then we use designs

Figure17-1. BarchartIn line 130 the parameters for “&” specify that our 14 user-definedcharacters will be stored at positions 94 to 107 (ASCII sym

Since you will need to switch two features-line feeds and Empha-sized Mode-on and off within the program, you can store their com-mands as shorter str

330 LPRINT H$;H$;"d";: A$="j": GOSUB 800: LPRINT "c"335 LPRINT: LPRINT340 LPRINT C$;H$;H$;H$; " JAN"; H$;

270 FOR M=1 TO 3: LPRINT H$;280 FOR P=1 TO 3290 IF R>MAX(M,P) THEN LPRINT ;ELSE LPRINTCHR$(93+P); 300 NEXT P: NEXT M: LPRINT B$;H$;&q

STRATA SOFTWARE80 TRACK DRIVEDATA TOWN, U.S.A. 01248PHONE FX1-0080STATEMENTACCOUNT NO.DATEAMOUNT REMITTEDPLEASE DETACH AND RETURN WITH YOUR PAYMENTDAT

feed the paper through. If you use single sheets of paper, the paper-out sensor will cause a beep and stop the printing whenever thebottom edge passes

Since this program uses many of the routines from the BAR-CHART program above, begin by loading that program. Many of itslines need no changes, includ

7 WIDTH LPRINT 25590 LPRINT CHR$(27)"QP";100 DIM A(18): LPRINTCHR$(27)"3"CHR$(20)CHR$(27)"U1";110 LPRINT CHR$(27)":

499 ' *** BOX SUBROUTINE ***500 FOR K=1 TO 5: READ L$(K),M$(K),N$(K),R$(K):NEXT K510 FOR K=1 TO C: READ W(K): NEXT K520 FOR L=1 TO 5: IF L=4 THEN

1100DATA 0,121,0,73,0,73,0,73,0,79,0: 'm - S1110DATA 0,127,0,65,0,65,0,65,0,127,0: 'n - 01120DATA 0,63,64,8,64,8,64,28,64,32,0: 'o - F1

You may prefer to work out what each line does on your own—three cheers if you do. But if you want a little guidance, here is a briefprogram overview,

Deciphering the box routine in lines 500 through 660 is left as anexercise for you. The following hints will get you started.The subroutine at 500 is

INDEXNote: Refer to Table of Contents and List of Figures for specificprograms. Also, the chapter summaries are not indexed.AAccessories, 16American S

CCable, 16, 35CANcel, 46Caret symbol. See Exponent characterCarriage return, 23, 41CHR$(13) produces it.See also Line feedCentronics. See InterfaceCha

Control codes, 41-42Hex dumping and. See Hex dumpingfor FX compared with those for MX and RX, 287-294listed by function, 283-286listed by number, 271-

ESCape = CHR$(27), 42-43format for commands, iv-v, 46-47, 57-58listed by function, 283-286listed by number, 271-281See also specific modes or function

130 LPRINT "7:"; E$" !X"; E$"4"; " " E$" - 1";140 LPRINT "TICKET TO SUCCESS!"; E$

ESCape “I1”. Enables printing of control codes 0-31. See User-definedcharacters.ESCape “J”CHR$(n). Produces an immediate one-time line feed ofn/216-in

FFiring of pins. See pinsFE See Form feedForeign language characters. See International character setForm feed, 103-105CHR$(12) produces one.button, 3

Nine-Pin, 152-154ESCape “^”CHR$(d)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) enters Nine-Pin GraphicsMode.reassigning code, 150-152ESCape “?s”CHR$(n reassigns an alternate code

Line feed, 98-101CHR$(10) produces it.button, 35-36computer interface and. See InterfaceDIP switch for, 23one-time immediate, 99-100ESCape “J”CHR$(n)

NNEC, 151Nine-pin graphics. See Graphics ModeNoise reduction. See Half-Speed ModeOOffsets, 82-83ON LINE light and button, 35Overstrikes, 81-82PPage, t

Print headand dot graphics, 132-133and dot matrix printing, 50life of, 16, 324, 328replacement, 324-325Print modes. See ModesPrint pitch summary table

SSchematic, 331Script Mode, 71-72ESCape “S0” turns Superscript Mode on. ESCape “S1” turns SubscriptMode on. ESCape “T” turns either Script Mode off.Se

Temperature, 329Testautomatic, 35-36for seven-bit system, 309Top of form, 31-33, 103-104CHR$(12) sends the paper to top of form. ESCape “C” resets it

WWidthof characters, 256-270statements, 313-314Word processing, 36, 321-322ZZero, slashed, 23251

Figure Easy-2. Ticket to successTicket Program DescriptionThis is not a complete explanation of the program. That’s what therest of the manual is for.

110Prints the outside border, then the top of the inside border (whichwas defined as the “:” character).120 Prints another line of borders.130 Prints

280 Returns the printer to its defaults.300-330 Provides data for the FX letters as user-defined characters0-3.350-410 Provides data for the ticket b

PrefaceThe User’s Manual for the FX Series printers consists of two vol-umes: Tutorial and Reference. This volume, the Tutorial, is arrangedin the fol

Chapter 1The FX PrintersOnce you’ve unpacked your new printer, the first thing you shoulddo is make sure you have all of the parts. With the FX-80 or

Figure 1-1. The FX-80 and FX-100 printers14

Figure 1-2. Printer parts15

Additional Supplies and AccessoriesThe following items may be purchased separately from your Epsondealer:Printer cable or interface kit. Each computer

Figure 1-3. Paper pathPrinter PreparationOnce you’ve found a good home for FX, you’ll need to do somepreparing before you can print. This section desc

Figure 1-4. Paper separatorCoversFor protection from dust and foreign objects and for quiet opera-tion, FX printers use two types of covers. When you

fitting over its post. Lower the cover. To remove the cover, move it toits full vertical position and then lift it up and a little to the left.Figure

the right side and twist until the flat sides of rod and fitting match.Push the knob straight in with a steady pressure. To remove, pullstraight out.F

Figure 1-8. DIP switch vent21

These switches are set at the factory, and most of them you willnever need to touch. You may, however, want to take the time now tomatch up the switch

may use a version of BASIC other than Microsoft, you may need tomodify some of the programs in this manual before they will run.Appendix F offers help

Table 1-1. DIP switch functionsSwitch 1No.1-81-71-6ONONONON FunctionInternational characterInternational characterOFFOFFOFFOFFInternational character

end of the cartridge into the corresponding slots in the printer frame(Figure 1-11). The cartridge should snap neatly into place.With the paper bail r

Figure 1-11. Ribbon insertion25

Figure 1-12. Printer readied for paper insertionl Be sure the printer is turned off. Lift the front protective lid andmove the print head to the midd

Figure 1-13. Pin feeder adjustmentvery important to keep the paper straight so that the pins on bothsides engage at the same time. If the paper does n

l As the paper comes up the front of the platen, watch to be sure thatit is feeding under the black edges of the pin feeders. If your paper iswrinklin

Now follow these steps to load your paper into the friction feeder:l Be sure the printer is turned off, Lift the front protective lid andmove the prin

sides of the tractor assembly are firmly in place. Rock the front of theunit downward, pressing firmly until it locks into place.Figure 1-16. Tractor

To load the paper into the unit, use this procedure:lBe sure the printer is turned off; then open the front protective lid tomove the print head to th

Top-of-form positionAfter you have loaded the paper, you should set it to the top ofform, which is the position of the print head when you turn the pr

This format allows you to shorten a program line by combining acommand and its print string. In the case of Double-Strike, for in-stance, the quoted l

Figure 1-19. Top of form1-21). The other end of the cable plugs into your computer. If yourcable includes grounding wires, be sure to fasten the wires

Figure 1-20. Paper thickness adjustment34

Figure 1-21. Cable connectionControl panelWhen the control panel’s ON LINE light is on, the printer and com-puter are in direct communication and the

loaded because the printer’s test uses all 136 columns. Turn the printercompletely off (with the switch on the left side of the printer), pressdown th

Chapter 2BASIC and the PrinterWhile you read this manual, you’ll be testing your FX with pro-grams in the BASIC language. You can, of course, use anot

Table 2-1. Several computers’ print LIST commandsCommandComputerLLISTEpson QX-10™, IBM-PC®, and Radio Shack TRS-80®LIST"COM0:"Epson HX-20 N

Character stringsThe character-string (or CHR$) function converts any decimalnumber from zero through 255 to a character or action. Its format isCHR$

Table 2-2. Several computers’ printeractivating commandsActivating commandsComputer10 LPRINT CHR$(193)Epson QX-10, IBM-PC, and RadioShack TRS-805 OPEN

instead of an Italic A, pay close attention to the next three paragraphs.The original ASCII code was designed to use the decimal numberszero through 1

Now RUN it. You should hear a short beep. (If you don’t hear it,check DIP switch 2-2, using the procedure we gave in Chapter 1.)That’s the printer’s b

The computer ignores these remarks; they merely serve to help pro-grammers understand at a glance the way a program is working. Youmay type them in or

Here are two examples of ESCape code sequences:LPRINT CHR$(27)CHR$(71)LPRINT CHR$(27)CHR$(38)CHR$(0)CHR$(1)CHR$(3)To see how such sequences work, star

Change CommandsAfter you have sent commands to the printer, you will often wantto change them, either to turn off one or more modes, or to erase text.

Reset CodeYou could turn off the Italic Mode by turning the printer off, thenback on. Although turning the printer off resets the printer to itsdefaul

ITALIC CHARACTER SETBACK 'TO ROMAN WITH ITALIC OFFNotice that CHR$(53) turned Italic off and the semicolon at the end ofline 30 eliminated the bl

of line 10 is the number 4, and the symbol for the 53 of line 30 is thenumber 5, so enter the following:10 LPRINT CHR$(27)“4”30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"5

See the Preface for a list of the conventions used in this manual,Appendix A for a table of the ASCII codes, and Appendixes B and Cfor tables of the c

Chapter 3Print Pitches 'One of the big advantages an FX printer has over a daisy-wheelprinter or a typewriter is the ability it gives you to choo

Figure 3-1 shows one each of lower- and uppercase letters. The p givesan example of the way a few lowercase letters use the bottom tworows of the matr

Intermediate positionsFX characters are designed to be five or fewer columns wide. Leav-ing the sixth column blank allows for space between letters. F

If you look through Appendix A, you’ll notice that none of the FX’scharacters use dots in consecutive main and intermediate columns inthe same row. Th

FX Series Printer User’s ManualVolume 1 ContentsPreface...Conventions Used in This Manual...List of Fi

Figure 3-5. Pica and Elite letters3Ø LPRINT CHR$(27)"P";4Ø LPRINT PICA PITCH IS THE NORMAL PRINTWIDTH&quo

NEW2Ø LPRINT CHR$(15)"COMPRESSED MODE IS SET WITHCHR$(15)"3Ø LPRINT "IT WILL STAY ON UNTIL YOU CANCEL IT"4Ø LPRINT CHR$(l8)"P

DIP switch 1-1 on. This adjustment will make the printer reset toCompressed Mode, after which you can switch to other modes asneeded. You could get Pi

Don’t take this lesson lightly-it is a good example of how printmodes interact on FX printers.Pitch Mode CombinationsThe previous three modes can’t be

40 LPRINT "CONTINUOUSLY WITH ESCAPE W"50 LPRINT CHR$(27)"W"CHR$(0)The printer extends the dot matrix by spreading the dots horizon

CHR$(1) can use an alternative form for this pair. For continuousExpanded, and for the other modes which use CHR$(1) and CHR$(0)as a toggle switch, yo

By deleting the semicolon at the end of line 10 and adding a semicolonto the end of line 30, you can mix all six print pitches on a single printline.I

Table 3-1. Summary of print pitchesHere is the DIP switch that we mentioned in this chapter:Switch 1-1Allows you to change the pitch default fromPica

Chapter 4Print QualityIn the last chapter you learned how to change the width of theprinted characters to achieve six different print pitches. The FX

The way Double-Strike gets this result is rather clever: the FX printseach character in the regular fashion until it reaches either the end ofthe line

2BASIC and the Printer...37BASIC Communications...38Character strings...39BASIC pr

DOUBLE-STRIKE PRINT IS DARKER THAN SINGLE-STRIKEEMPHASIZED ADDS A TOUCH OF CLASSThat’s right, Emphasized is very similar to Expanded print, except tha

Emphasized Mode (line 30) stays on until you shut it off. Double-Strike comes on (line 40) before Emphasized is turned off. You see theresult above.Pr

Since all Proportional characters are Emphasized, it makes sensethat Proportional characters, like Emphasized, can only be printed inPica pitch, not E

the printer will prove that Double-Strike has been turned on all thetime.Add lines 30 and 50, and make some changes to line 70:30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"

sized, strips excess space from between characters. Double-Strike canbe combined with all other modes except Proportional, whereasEmphasized, and thus

68

Chapter 5Dress-Up Modes and Master SelectIn the first three subsections of this chapter, we cover four moreprint modes: Underline; two Script Modes-Su

You can turn Underline Mode off with:CHR$(27)"-"CHR$(0) orCHR$(27)"-0"Enter and RUN this program to see what FX underlining looks

The FX-80, on the other hand, can perform a reverse line feed, andit uses this capability to place the underline one row lower than anytext dot. To do

Notice that ESCape “T” turns either kind of Script Mode off and alsothat both versions of Script Mode are automatically printed inDouble-Strike. Since

6Special Printing Features...81Backspace...81Overstrikes...81Offse

Whether your computer system is one of these or not, with ESCape“4” you can print Italic characters. Prove it by adding these lines toyour program:10

NEW20 Y$(1)="SINGLE-STRIKE Y$(2)="SNGL-STRIKEEMPHASIZED "30 Y$(3)="DOUBLE-STRIKE Y$(4)="DBL-STRIKEEMPHASIZED "40

0 SINGLE-STRIKE PICA1 SINGLE-STRIKE ELITE4 SINGLE-STRIKE COMPRESSED8 SNGL-STRIKE EMPHASIZED PICA16 DOUBLE-STRIKE PICA17 DOUBLE-STRIKE ELITE20 DOUBLE-S

Double-Strike, use LPRINT CHR$(27)“!T". N/A indicates that thetwo modes cannot be combined.Table 5-1. Master Select Quick Reference ChartWEIGHTPI

Figure 5-3. Dress-up combinationsMaster Select base and then add the sequence(s) that you want toembellish it. Here is a program that does just that,

Here are the commands that we introduced in this chapter.CHR$(27) “-1”Turns Underline Mode ONCHR$(27)“-0”Turns Underline OFFCHR$(27)“S1”Turns Subscrip

80

Chapter 6Special Printing FeaturesIn this chapter you’ll discover several new features that will enhanceyour control over the printer. Backspacing, fo

use the same technique to produce the plus-or-minus symbol:10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"S0+"CHR$(8); 'Plus/minus20 LPRINT CHR$(27)"S1-"